Increase of inductance Gradient is one of the most common methods to increase applied force to projectile. Increase of inductance Gradient is reachable by using augmented rails. In the first section of this paper, after definition of problem and electromagnetic equations, effect of variation of rails dimension and distance between rails on inductance Gradient, self inductance and mutual inductance for circular and rectangular rails are explored. In the second part, a new method for increase of inductance Gradient in simple railgun and augmented railgun is suggested. This method uses technique that decreases reluctance of flux path and makes a noticeable increase in the Gradient inductance.[1]

Unsteady flow analysis is performed using the equations of St. Venant. Calculating the slope of the energy line (Sf) is of great importance in the analysis of unsteady flow. Since Sf is equal to the hydraulic Gradient (i) in a coarse porous media, the calculation of i is of great importance. In the present study, using experimental data recorded in a steel cylinder with a diameter of 16 cm and a length of 70 cm, 40 cm of which is filled with rockfill with three small, medium, and large grains, investigated the unsteady flow in a confined porous media. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the Forchheimer binomial relation coefficients used in steady flow (a, b) and the triplet relation used in unsteady flow (a, b, c). The results of the present study indicate that the values related to the mean relative error (MRE) in the case of using a triple relation to the binomial relation to calculate the hydraulic Gradient of unsteady flow, in small Materials 14. 5, in medium Materials 14. 7 and in large material, it has improved by 12. 2%. The value of the third sentence is a triple relation to the hydraulic Gradient ((cdv/dt)/i) in 7. 23% in small Materials, 14. 79% in medium Materials, and 17. 01% in large Materials. In other words, since with increasing the diameter of the material, the efficiency of the nonlinear (non-Darcy) relation increases compared to the linear (Darcy) relation, the third sentence of the triple relation also has a greater effect on the hydraulic Gradient calculations.

In this paper, we present a new hybrid conjugate Gradient method for unconstrained optimization that possesses sufficient descent Property independent of any line search. In our method, a convex combination of the Hestenes-Stiefel (HS) and the Fletcher-Reeves (FR) methods, is used as the conjugate parameter and the hybridization parameter is determined by minimizing the distance between the hybrid conjugate Gradient direction and direction of the three-term HS method proposed by M. Li (\emph{A family of three-term nonlinear conjugate Gradient methods close to the memoryless BFGS method,} Optim. Lett. \textbf{12} (8) (2018) 1911--1927). Under some standard assumptions, the global convergence Property on general functions is established. Numerical results on some test problems in the CUTEst library illustrate the efficiency and robustness of our proposed method in practice.

In this work, we have optimized the performance of the 1D photonic crystal based biosensor. The photonic crystal contains the layers A, B and F which are ZnSe, SiO2 and a microfluidic channel, respectively. Also, there is a radial Gradient refractive index defect layer in the center of the structure. By irradiating a plane beam to the proposed structure, a ring-shaped intensity profile is achieved on the output plane of the structure. Any changed in the effective refractive index of the fluid inside of microfluidic channels can cause a change in the radius of the intensity ring. There are different parameters such as number and thickness of the layers and the rate of the refractive index variation in the D layer that can affect the sensitivity. Optimizing these parameters, it is possible to sense the refractive index changes of  Dn=1×10-5 RIU.

In this article, free vibration and damping of sandwich plates made of graphene reinforced functionally graded face sheets and electrorheological core have been investigated. In order to investigate the reinforcing effects, various distributions of graphene including FG-Λ, FG-X, FG-O and UD have been surveyed and the effects of employing different distributions in the sandwich plate have been studied. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's equations and the assumption of the classical theory for the graphene reinforced face sheets and the first-order shear theory for the electrorheological core are derived. The simply-supported boundary conditions are considered for all edges and Fourier series is used to solve the equations of motion. The obtained results were compared and validated with the results of previous researches, and then the effects of various parameters such as different aspect ratios, electrorheological core thickness, graphene distribution type, volume fraction and electric field were evaluated. The obtained results indicate that the addition of graphene, even in a very small amount, will significantly increase the stiffness of the structure. In addition, by changing the electric field, the stiffness and damping of the structure can be controlled.